Self-Efficacy, Academic Buoyancy, and Cross-Cultural Adjustment among Students from Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Abstract

This study explored how self-efficacy and academic buoyancy are related to cross-cultural adjustment among university students. The sample consisted of 492 students recruited from different universities in Lahore, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Of these, 246 
participants were from Lahore, 170 from Balochistan, and 76 from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A quantitative, cross-sectional design was employed, and participants were selected through non-probability purposive and snowball sampling strategies. Data were gathered using an online survey that included a demographic information sheet, informed consent form, the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer, 1981), the Academic Buoyancy Scale (Martin & Marsh, 2008), and the Cross-Cultural Adjustment Scale (Black & Stephens, 1989). Analyses were carried out in SPSS, incorporating Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression, and independent samples t-test. The findings demonstrated significant positive associations among all study variables. Furthermore, both self-efficacy and academic buoyancy significantly predicted cross-cultural adjustment. Gender differences were also observed in levels of cross-cultural adjustment. The study concludes with methodological limitations and practical suggestions for future investigations.