BAHRIA JOURNAL OF PROFESSIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Welcome to BJPP Bahria journal of Professional Psychology (BJPP) is a HEC recognized peer – reviewed, biannual, international journal, published as the official journal of the institute of professional psychology, Bahria University, Karachi Campus (IPP-BUKC). The Journal encourages scientific originality and creativity in the field of professional psychology. It carries organizational, educational, clinical, theoretical and other articles related to different issues that may be of interest in the context of psychology, social surveys, comments and special reviews of Professional Psychology researches. A section on comprehensive book reviews can also be provided. Authors are generally expected to relate their analysis as far as possible to the socio-cultural context of Pakistan in particular and of the developing countries in general.
Cybercrime Awareness, Cybersecurity Practices, and Perceived Self-Efficacy Among Young Adults
The present study focused on awareness, victimisation, cybersecurity practices, reporting awareness and perceived self-efficacy of cybercrime protection amongst the young adults of Pakistan. Additionally, the study investigated how experiences with cybercrime are related to protective practices and perceived self-efficacy. Cross-sectional correlational research was carried out on a convenience sample of 120 university students. The Demographic Information Form, the Cybercrime Awareness and Protection Questionnaire (CAPQ) and the modified General SelfEfficacy Scale (Jerusalem & Schwarzer, 1981) were used for data collection. Data analysis methods were descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent-samples t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results revealed moderate level of awareness of common cybercrime offences and perceived self-efficacy but poor knowledge of reporting mechanisms and the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), 2016. There were no significant relationships between cybercrime experiences and protective practices and perceived self-efficacy, though the relationship was positive. The results reinforce the need for blended training and knowledge on cybersecurity awareness and legal knowledge.
Cybercrime awareness, Cybercrime victimisation, Cybersecurity practices, Perceived self-efficacy, PECA 2016, Young adults
Impact Parental Bonding and Relationship-Centered Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: The Moderating Role of Adult Attachment among Young Adults in Pakistan
One of the most significant sources of psychological distress is romantic relationship difficulties. Relationship centered obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms are easily recognized as a discrete demonstration within the OCD spectrum. Romantic attachment insecurity is shaped by our early childhood experiences that establish into adult relationships. This pathway however, remains unclear. The present study considered whether adult attachment styles (anxiety and avoidance) moderate the relationship between parental bonding (care and overprotection) and relationship-centered OC symptoms among young adults in Pakistan. A cross-sectional design was used with 213 young adults (M age = 23.25, SD = 3.44). The young adults were recruited from universities in Islamabad. Data were collected using the measures such as Relationship Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (Doron et al., 2012), the Parental Bonding Instrument (Parker et al., 1979), and the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale-Short Form (Wei et al., 2007). PROCESS macro, Model 1 (Hayes, 2022) was used for moderation analysis. All four moderation models were significant (p < .05). Attachment anxiety and avoidance each moderated the relationship between parental care, parental overprotection and relationship-centered OC symptoms. Parental bonding across Models, predicted ROC symptoms only at medium and high levels of attachment insecurity. The strongest effect appeared for the Parental Overprotection × Attachment Anxiety interaction (ΔR² = .052, p < .001). These findings propose that adult attachment insecurity strengthens, rather than simply transmits. They also suggest the effect of adverse parental bonding on relationship-centered OC symptoms along with implications for clinical intervention. Also, for understanding relational psychopathology within a South Asian Pakistani cultural context.
Parental Bonding, Adult Attachment, Relationship-Centered OC Symptoms
Impact Parental Conflict, Perceived Social Support, and Attachment Insecurity Among Emerging Adults in Pakistan
The present study aimed to examine the relationships among conflictual relationship, perceived social support and insecure attachment among emerging adults in Pakistan. A cross sectional correlational design was used with a convenience sample of 173 emerging adults (age 18-25, M=21.76, SD=1.96) were recruited from three educational institutes in Lahore. The Perceptions of Interparental Conflict in Childhood Scale –Short Form, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Attachment Style Questionnaire –Short Form were administered. Pearson correlations, hierarchical regression, independent samples t-tests and PROCESS Macro moderation analyses were performed. Parental conflict was significantly positively correlated with anxious attachment and negatively correlated with perceived social support. Bivariately, social support was negatively correlated with anxious attachment but it did not predict it when controlling for parental conflict. There were no significant relationships for avoidant attachment. There was no interaction effect between social support and parental conflict–attachment relationship. The findings are discussed based on the theory of attachment and socio-cultural context of Pakistan which is collectivistic in nature.
Parental Conflict; Perceived Social Support; Anxious Attachment; Avoidant Attachment; Emerging Adults; Pakistan
Caregiver Burden as a Predictor of Psychological Distress and Cognitive Fatigue Among Caregivers of Patients with Non-Communicable Diseases
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) have long-term health consequences and frequently need ongoing care and treatment which increases the demand for informal caregivers for those patients, offering both emotional and practical assistance, and due to this increasing burden, caregivers often experience a higher level of stress, impacting their psychological health and cognitive functions. This study aims to assess how the burden of caregiving affects psychological health and cognitive functions among caregivers of NCD patients. The study is based on Stress Process Model (Pearlin et al.,1990) and Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller, 1988). Data will be utilized from a purposive sample of 200 caregivers (100 males and 100 females), caring for at least six months, through a cross-sectional survey design. For the assessment, the standardized tools used are Zarit Burden Interview – 12, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale – K10, and Mental Fatigue Scale. For the analysis, IBM SPSS27 used. The study indicated that among caregivers of patients with NCDs, caregiver burden is a robust predictor of both psychological distress and cognitive fatigue. Also, females experienced more psychological distress in response to caregiver burden as compared to males.
Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs); Caregiver Burden; Psychological Distress; Cognitive Fatigue; Informal Caregivers; Gender Differences.
Self-Esteem, Depression, and Social Skills: A Comparative Study of Institutionalized and Non-Institutionalized Orphans
The present study examined self-esteem, depression, and social skills among institutionalized and non-institutionalized orphans in Lahore, Pakistan. The study included 60 participants aged 13–18 years. Data were collected using Urdu versions of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Child Depression Scale, and Social Skills Inventory. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, and correlation analyses were conducted. Results showed no significant differences between institutionalized and non-institutionalized orphans in depression (t = -1.68, p = .098), selfesteem (t = -0.64, p = .528), or social skills (t = -0.87, p = .386). Gender and education also did not significantly affect these variables. Correlation analysis indicated a significant positive relationship between depression and self-esteem (r = .273, p < .05), suggesting that higher depression scores were associated with higher self-esteem scores in this sample. These findings suggest that adequate psychosocial support, care, and educational opportunities may buffer orphans from negative psychological outcomes regardless of living arrangements.
Depression, Self-esteem, Social Skills, Institutionalized orphans, noninstitutionalized orphans
Resilience, Silver Lining and Psychological Well-being in Women with Ischemic Heart Disease
The present study investigated the relationship between resilience, silver lining and psychological well-being in women with ischemic heart disease. A quantitative correlational study design with a non-probability purposive sampling strategy, was utilized in the selection of 100 women with ischemic heart disease, with an average age of 57.9 years (SD = 13.3). The scales comprised, The Brief Resilience Scale, Silver Lining Questionnaire, Psychological Well-being Scale and the Personal information sheet in order to assess the research variables. The study shows that there was a significant positive correlation between psychological wellbeing and resilience, with resilience being the strongest predictor of psychological well-being, followed by the silver lining in women with ischemic heart disease. The results can be applicable in the study of heart diseases by providing information on factors that enhance mental health in patients with ischemic heart disease. The knowledge of these factors will lead to an improvement of mental well-being of these patients.
Resilience, Silver Lining, Psychological Well-being, Ischemic Heart Disease
Intimate Partner Violence and Gender Role Attitude as A Predictor of Mental Health Among Women
This study aimed to determine whether Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Gender role Attitudes (GRAs) predict mental health in women. Further, it was hypothesized that there will be a significant difference between IPV victims and non-victims with reference to their GRA and mental health. For this purpose, a data of 115 (IPV victims=56, IPV non-victim=59) women (married/ separated /divorced /widow), aged between 18 to 45 years (M=30.88, SD=5.18), was collected using mixed sampling method, including convenient, purposive and snow ball sampling techniques. Participants belonging to different educational levels and occupations, were approached through both online and in-person means. The scales used in the research were the Gender Role Attitude Scale (Kamal & Saqib, 2004), Karachi Domestic Violence Screening Scale-Urdu (Hassan & Malik, 2009), and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form Scale- Urdu version (Faran et al., 2021). Multiple linear regression showed that IPV and GRA significantly predict mental health. Also, t-test depicted IPV victims have more traditional GRA and poor mental health than non-victims. There is a need for law enforcement agencies, influencers, and other professionals to take action to shift GRAs and eliminate IPV, which will ultimately lead to improved mental health
Gender Role Attitudes, Intimate Partner Violence, Mental Health
Development and Validation of Reasons for Online Truancy Dcale for University students
The present study aimed to develop a culturally relevant scale to assess the online truancy among university students. Purposive sample of 350 university students was taken including males (n = 152) and females (n = 198) with age range 19 to 28 years. Scale development process consist of four steps that are, item pool generation , items evaluation and establishing face validity, tryout and Exploratory Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation was used on the sample of university students to analyze the items and form a factorial structure. Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded 6 factors based on six distinct domains. Significant item-to total correlations were found, psychometric properties of the scale were also established and validation analysis revealed convergent and divergent validity of the scale. Future implications of the research in educational field have also discussed.
Indigenous development, Validation, Reasons for online truancy, University students
Effect of Age Transition on Preoperative Anxiety among Women Undergoing Cardiac Surgery in Pakistan
The aim of the study was to determine change in preoperative anxiety level, if any, among females of different age groups and compare baseline anxiety levels with preoperative anxiety. This cross-sectional study was conducted at different cardiac centers in two urban localities of Pakistan. A total of 383 female patients were included in this study through non-probability consecutive sampling. Patients were divided into three age groups; <40 years, 40-51 years and >51 years. Anxiety levels were assessed using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). For descriptive analysis, mean, and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables while for categorical variables, frequency and percentage were used. For analytical part, One-Way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation were used. It was noted that majority of the study population belonged to <40 years’ age group. On STAI scale ranging from 20-80, mean preoperative anxiety levels were 47.30±10.74 as compared to baseline anxiety levels which were 43.16±10.51. Moreover, females less than 40 years of age reported highest levels of baseline anxiety as well as preoperative anxiety; also, a six-fold increase in anxiety levels was observed before surgery (p<0.05). It was observed that baseline anxiety was positively correlated with preoperative anxiety. Younger females are more prone to develop higher levels of preoperative anxiety and baseline anxiety has a direct influence upon preoperative anxiety levels.
Cardiac surgery, Females, Preoperative anxiety, Pakistan, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Attachment Style: Influence of Social Phobia on Nomophobia
The present study investigated the relationship between nomophobia, attachment styles and social phobia and the influence of social phobia on nomophobia. The study hypothesized that there is a relationship in between nomophobia, attachment styles and social phobia, also social phobia and age has an influence on nomophobia. Quantitative survey research design and purposive sampling was used. A sample of 400 university students was selected. Data was collected through Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ; Simpson et al.,1996), Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q; Yildrim & Correia, 2015), Short form of Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and Social Phobia Scale (SIAS-6, SPS-6; Peters et al., 2012). To analyze the data SPSS V21 was used. Results indicate that nomophobia has significant correlation with attachment style and anxiety attachment style. Nomophobia has non-significant correlation with avoidant attachment style. Nomophobia has significant correlation with social phobia. Regression analysis shows that there is a significantly strong effect of nomophobia on social phobia. Whereas age did not predict nomophobia.
Attachment Style, Social Phobia, Nomophobia
Perceived Stress and Marital Adjustment: The Mediating Role Forgiveness Among Married Men and Women
Current research was designed to assess the relationship between perceived stress, forgiveness and marital adjustment among married men and women with mediating role of forgiveness between perceived stress and marital adjustment as well. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a positive correlation between perceived stress, forgiveness and marital adjustment among married men and women. It was also hypothesized that forgiveness is likely to mediate the relationship between perceived stress and marital adjustment among married men and women. Additionally, it was hypothesized that there is likely to be significant gender differences between perceived stress, forgiveness and marital adjustment. A sample 80 married men and 80 married women (N=160) with intact marriages, during their first 5 years of marriage time span were recruited with snow ball sampling technique. Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen, 1983), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (Laura, et al., 2003) and Marital Adjustment Test (Locke & Wallace, 1959) were used for measuring the perceived stress, forgiveness, and marital adjustment respectively. Demographic and correlational analysis, mediation and independent sample t-test were performed. Findings showed that there were significant positive correlations between perceived stress, forgiveness and marital adjustment among married men and women. Further, forgiveness significantly mediated the relationship between perceived stress and marital adjustment. Additionally, there were nonsignificant gender differences in perceived stress and marital adjustment but forgiveness was significantly higher in married men as compared to married women.
Perceived stress, Forgiveness, Marital adjustment, Married Men and Women
This study aimed to determine whether Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and Gender role Attitudes (GRAs) predict mental health in women. Further, it was hypothesized that there will be a significant difference between IPV victims and non-victims with reference to their GRA and mental health. For this purpose, a data of 115 (IPV victims-56, IPV non-victim-59) women (married/ separated /divorced /widow), aged between 18 to 45 years (M-30.88, SD-5.18), was collected using mixed sampling method, including convenient, purposive and snow ball sampling techniques. Participants belonging to different educational levels and occupations, were approached through both online and in-person means. The scales used in the research were the Gender Role Attitude Scale (Kamal & Saqib, 2004), Karachi Domestic Violence Screening Scale-Urdu (Hassan & Malik, 2009), and Mental Health Continuum-Short Form Scale- Urdu version (Faran et al., 2021). Multiple linear regression showed that IPV and GRA significantly predict mental health. Also, t-test depicted IPV victims have more traditional GRA and poor mental health than non-victims. There is a need for law enforcement agencies, influencers, and other professionals to take action to shift GRAs and eliminate IPV, which will ultimately lead to improved mental health
The aim of the study was to determine change in preoperative anxiety level, if any, among females of different age groups and compare baseline anxiety levels with preoperative anxiety. This cross-sectional study was conducted at different cardiac centers in two urban localities of Pakistan. A total of 383 female patients were included in this study through non-probability consecutive sampling. Patients were divided into three age groups; <40 years, 40-51 years and 51 years. Anxiety levels were assessed using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). For descriptive analysis, mean, and standard deviation were used for quantitative variables while for categorical variables, frequency and percentage were used. For analytical part, One-Way ANOVA and Pearson Correlation were used. It was noted that majority of the study population belonged to <40 years' age group. On STAI scale ranging from 20-80, mean preoperative anxiety levels were 47.30±10.74 as compared to baseline anxiety levels which were 43.16±10.51. Moreover, females less than 40 years of age reported highest levels of baseline anxiety as well as preoperative anxiety; also, a six-fold increase in anxiety levels was observed before surgery (p<0.05). It was observed that baseline anxiety was positively correlated with preoperative anxiety. Younger females are more prone to develop higher levels of preoperative anxiety and baseline anxiety has a direct influence upon preoperative anxiety levels.
Cardiac surgery, Preoperative anxiety, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
Development and Validation of Reasons for Online Truancy Scale for University Students
The present study aimed to develop a culturally relevant scale to assess the online truancy among university students. Purposive sample of 350 university students was taken including males (n=152) and females (n=198) with age range 19 to 28 years. Scale development process consist of four steps that are, item pool generation, items evaluation and establishing face validity, tryout and Exploratory Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation was used on the sample of university students to analyze the items and form a factorial structure. Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded 6 factors based on six distinct domains. Significant item-to total correlations were found, psychometric properties of the scale were also established and validation analysis revealed convergent and divergent validity of the scale. Future implications of the research in educational field have also discussed.
Role of Self-determination related Needs and Academic Locus of Control in Academic Achievement (GPA) among University Students
The cross-sectional study was carried out to explore the role of academic locus of control learning as an explanatory mechanism between the relationships of self-determination-based needs and GPA. The sample comprised 279 (male n= 128; female n=151) students of Quaid-i-Azam University from different departments, Pakistan. Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Guardia et al., 2000), Academic Locus of Control Scale (Trice, 1985) and last semester GPA as an indicator of academic achievement were used in the study. The reliabilities of the questionnaire were satisfactory. Self-determination related needs were positively related internal locus of control. The strongest predictors were autonomy, relatedness and academic locus of control in predicting GPA. Academic locus of control was non-significant mediator for autonomy and relatedness in predicting GPA, but it played mediating role for competence in predicting GPA. The findings provided the better understanding of role of satisfaction of self-determination related needs and academic locus of control in academic achievement among university students.
Locus of control, self-determination related needs, autonomy, competence, relatedness, self-determination theory
Effect of Participation in Flow Experience Activity on Depressive Symptoms in University Students: A Quasi Experimental Study
The purpose of this research is to explore the efficacy of flow experience as a group intervention to reduce depressive symptoms among university students. Sample comprised of 17 university students, aged 18 to 23 years (M= 20; SD 1.56). Participants were recruited through multi stage sampling and final selection was made on the basis of scores on Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R, Van Dam & Earleywine 2011). Participants were given Flow Activity Identification Questionnaire (FAIQ), to identify flow experience activity. FAIQ was developed by authors during first preparatory phase of this research. Participants participated in the identified activity for 90 minutes each week for four weeks. Results showed significant decline in depressive symptoms among participants after participation in flow experience activity. It is concluded that flow experience is an effective group intervention that can be used for students experiencing depressive symptoms.
Flow Experience, Depression, Qusai Experiment, Positive Psychology Intervention, Flow Intervention
Marital Satisfaction and Quality of Life among Married Women: Moderating Role of Attachment Styles
This research examined the relationship between marital satisfaction, attachment styles and quality of life among married women. It was hypothesized that there would be a relationship between marital satisfaction and quality of life and attachment styles are likely to moderate between them. Quantitative correlational survey research design was used to conduct the research. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to collect data from 80 married women age ranging from 25-45 years (M-32; SD-1.2). Demographic sheet, ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale (Olson & Fowers, 1993), Adult Attachment Scale (Collins & Read, 1990), and WHOQOL-BREF (WHO, 1997) were used to collect data. Results revealed that marital satisfaction and secure attachment style were positively correlated to quality of life along with four domains. Secure attachment style act as a moderator between marital satisfaction and physical, environmental health and social relationships. Finding of this study has implications for mothers in understanding how their interactions influence children.
Attachment styles, marital relationship, quality of life, married women
A National Survey of Islamic Psychology Content in Psychology Programs in Pakistan
This research explores the curriculum of various psychology programs offered in different universities across Pakistan for inclusion of Islamic content in the curriculum. The curriculum management authorities, like Deans, Directors, Head of Psychology Departments and Program Incharges were asked about the inclusion of Islamic studies and guidelines in the psychology courses taught at public and private sector universities in Pakistan. The qualitative analysis is suggesting that out of a sample of 24 universities, only 33% had courses on Islamic psychology and 67% did not offer any course or module on Islamic or Muslim psychology. The findings also include that 29% of the course content is focused on history of Muslim psychology and famous Arab scholars and is offered in undergraduate programs. The implications are first to explore and report existing Islamic content in Psychology programs. Second to promote the significance of inclusion of content related to Islamic psychology, Islamic and religious based therapies and trainings based on Quran and Sunnah in the curriculum. This research is an endeavor to highlight how the curriculum of various university programs are far behind and lacking in recent innovations in religion-based techniques of therapy, treatment and counseling based on Islamic principles.
Curriculum, Islamic psychology, Islamic education, Islam, Pakistan, religion
Women in Prison: Unique Emotional Experiences as Mothers
This paper is based on stress appraisal and anger expression of women in prisons while focusing particularly on the experiences of mothers and non-mothers in prison through quantitative comparative survey. A sample of 135 women (non-mothers n = 25, mothers n = 110) in prison aged between 20 to 55 years was drawn from Central Jail Kot Lakhpat in Lahore, Pakistan, using purposive sampling technique. The Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM), Anger Expression Scale (AES), and State Shame & Guilt Scale (SSGS) were used for data collection. Results showed that there was no significant difference between the levels of stress appraisal and anger expression of mothers and non-mothers in prison. Additionally, different expression of anger such as internalized, externalized and anger control was also explored and findings suggested no significant difference between convicted and under trial mothers. The study highlights the need for interventions and support for both groups in prison to help them manage their stress and anger effectively. Suggestions for future research have also been provided to further explore the emotional experiences of mothers in prison.
Stress Appraisal, Anger Inward, Anger Outward, Anger Control, Mothers, Non-mothers, Prison
Identification of Gender Disparity in Well-Being and Personality Characteristics of Animal Lovers/ Non-Lovers and Pet Owner/Non-Owner
The human-animal bond could bring joy, compassion, and humor. Attachment between human-animal have been intimately linked to gender health, wellbeing, and potentially the survival of humankind. The present research aimed to identify gender differences in personality i.e. extraversion, agreeableness, conscience, neuroticism, and openness and wellbeing in relation to pet ownership/non-owner and animal love/non-loving attributes. The data was collected from 300 males and females through purposive sampling technique from different public and private institutes of Lahore, Pakistan. For evaluating people's personality outcomes and wellbeing associated with presence of animals in their lives, SPSS analysis was used by applying Pearson product moment correlation and independent sample T-test. In Pakistan, pet owners and animal loving may also be linked to healthy attributes. The results showed significant gender differences with subsequent change in personality characteristics outcomes. Male pet owners have slightly higher levels of agreeableness, neuroticism, openness than female pet owner who had slightly higher extraversion quality. The personality characteristics has been found significantly and positively correlated with well-being among animal lovers. The increase in animal love is associated with high level of personality characteristics.
Extraversion, agreeableness, conscience, neuroticism, openness, well-being, pet ownership, animal lover, gender differences
The Interplay of Perceived Organizational Support, Innovation at Work, and Burnout among Teachers
This study explores why some employees in the same organizations grow and thrive in challenging situations while others fail to survive and eventually succumb to Burnout. The study is grounded in Perceived Organizational Support (POS) theory and other related theories. Data were collected from 196 teachers working in elitist high schools and analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results reveal that POS positively impacts the teachers' innovative work behaviour, whereas POS negatively influences Burnout. Thriving at work has been proven to be a potent mediator. The study helps develop a positive perception of organizational support and uses thriving at work as an essential mediator in the background of elitist high schools. However, there is a need for similar studies to be conducted to seek a level of generalizability for the observations made by this study.
Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Innovative Work Behaviour, Burnout
Relationship between Sense of Coherence, Positive Psychological Capitals and Mental Wellbeing: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Sense of coherence is an individuals' ability reflected by a person's reaction in stressful situation. Psychological Capital (PsyCap) is an optimistic psychological reserve that has been arisen from the positive psychology. According to the Positive psychologist, well-being comes under the umbrella of positive psychology and it is interrelated to satisfaction of life of a person and positive feelings. The present research investigated the relationship between sense of coherence & positive psychological capitals and their effect on well-being among Chinese and Pakistani students. A sample of Chinese and Pakistani participants (N = 271) through purposive convenient sample was used to gather the research data. Sense of coherence positive psychological capitals and Short Warwick Edinburgh well-being Questionnaire were used to collect the data regarding study variables. The findings suggest that the positive psychological capitals positively predict well-being among Chinese and Pakistani participants. The further analysis suggested that the Pakistani and Chinese males scored significantly higher on well-being as compared to their female counterparts. Findings also confirmed that positive psychological capitals positively predict well-being among study participants. This research analyzed sense of coherence alongside its three dimensions known as meaningfulness, manageability and comprehensiveness, and the findings are in line with the pervious literatures.
Sense of Coherence, Positive Psychological Capitals, Mental Health, Wellbeing, China, Pakistan
Perceived Stigma, Social Support, Care giving Burden and Marital Adjustment among Mothers of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder
The purpose of this correlational study was to identify the relationship of perceived stigma, social support, caregiving burden and marital adjustment among mothers having children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder. It also investigated the predictors of marital adjustment and mediating role of caregiving burden between the relationship of perceived stigma and marital adjustment among mothers of children having ASD. Total of 100 mothers aged between 24-55 years (M= 36.55; SD = 6.57 ) participated in this study. Data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Multiple Hierarchical Linear Regression and PROCESS by Hayes (2018). Results revealed low social support and high caregiving burden were significantly related with low marital adjustment among mothers. Family support emerged as a significant positive whilst friends support and caregiving burden as negative predictor of marital adjustment. Mediation analysis showed caregiving burden to fully mediate the pathway between perceived stigma, social support and marital adjustment. This study has implications for mental health practitioners, social workers and government to develop awareness and public policy for parents of special children.
Bullying Victimization, Self-Esteem and Psychosocial Problems in the Pakistani Adolescents
The aim of the present research was to examine the relationship between bullying victimization, self-esteem and psychosocial problems in adolescents. The present study also looked at the mediating role of self-esteem in relationship between bullying victimization and psychosocial problems in Pakistani adolescent. Sample was selected from different Government schools of Lahore, Pakistan. Total 499 participants were selected and they were falling within the age range of 13-17 years ( M = 14.58 ; SD = 1.14 ) Peer relationship assessment instrument, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, Depression, Anxiety, Stress scale-21, and UCLA loneliness Scale were used for assessment. Data were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis and Structural Equational modelling (SEM) through AMOS. It is found that bullying victimization has a significant negative relationship with self-esteem and significant positive relationship with psychosocial problems whereas self-esteem is significantly negatively correlated with psychosocial problems. Self-esteem partially mediates the relationship between bullying victimization (Social & Physical) and psychosocial problems. The findings highlight adverse impact of bullying on psychosocial well-being of the victims and also that self-esteem can play an important role in mitigating the effect of bullying. The findings highlight that need for provision of psychological services in Pakistani schools in order to reduce bullying and its implications for the victims.
Bullying Victimization, Self Esteem, Psychosocial Problems, Depression, Anxiety, Loneliness, Pakistani Adolescents
Any social system of a people is developed around the theories that the nation has evolved or generated in that particular context. The theories themselves are deeply rooted in the ideology of that group of people and the very root is their belief or assumptions of what a human is, what are his life objectives and the main objectives of the existence of that nation or people. As such any social theory developed in the secular west is around their own assumptions and not around Islamic principles. When we talk of systems from Islamic perspective the theories have to be based on principles as enunciated by the Qur'an. Iqbal has based his theory of the dynamics of Khudi on the ayaat of the Qur'an and as such, it can be claimed that his theories are from the Qur'anic perspective. This study explores and analyses Iqbal's educational philosophy related to human nature, individuality and human self-development as extracted from his Persian anthology, Asrar-i-Khudi and studies the implications of a young child's self-realization (khudi) during early childhood learning. Hermeneutics was employed and the verses were exegetically deciphered. The qualitative thematic deduction is applied using Colaizzi's method to draw Iqbal's ideas of human nature, individuality, and human self-development. Using the dynamic of Khudi as narrated in Asrar e Khudi a human learning theory has been generated which can be claimed as Qur'anic theory of learning as Iqbal has based his theory of Khudi on the verses of Qur'an.
Early childhood education, educational philosophy, Iqbal's philosophy, khudi, self-realization, individuality, learning theory, human learning
Perspectives of Pakistani Team Sports Players and Coaches Regarding Coaching Competence in Relation to Performance Efficacy
The current was designed to investigate the role of coaching competence as perceived by players and coaches towards performance efficacy of team sports i.e. hockey and cricket. Research questions formulated as how team sports players perceive their coaches' coaching competence helpful for enhancement of their performance efficacy and how coaches perceive their coaching competence helpful in enhancing performance efficacy of their team sports players? Open ended, semi-structured and detailed interviews were conducted with twelve team sports players and twelve team sports coaches. Results analyzed using Grounded Theory approach and revealed perceptions of hockey players and cricketers how their coaches' coaching competence influences their performance efficacy, whereas, perceptions of hockey and cricket coaches how their coaching competence influence performance efficacy of their players. This research will work as an empirical proof for hockey and cricket boards and federation to conduct coaching competence and effectiveness training programs for the enhancement of performance efficacy both for their players and coaches.
Coaching competence, performance efficacy, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Relationship between Pain Self Efficacy and Depression among Individuals with Osteoarthritis
Current study intended to explore the association between pain self-efficacy and depression and to find gender based differences among individuals Osteoarthritis. In the present study two instruments; depression and pain self-efficacy scale were administered on 100 individuals with osteoarthritis. Results of the study revealed that pain self-efficacy has significant negative relationship with depression. Furthermore, there is no significant difference has been found in depression based gender; men have more pain self-efficacy as compare women. Current study has important implications for health and clinical psychologists.
Pain self-efficacy, depression, Individuals with Osteoarthritis
Interpersonal Dependency and Psycho Social Reactions of Unrequited Love in University Students: Mediating Role of Self-Disclosure
University students are in transitional phases of their lives, going through biological, psychological and social changes and challenges. For most students, University acts as a platform to interact with the opposite gender and to work together in groups. This interaction may lead to the development of feelings for each other and sometimes the feelings are not reciprocated back and it leads to unrequited love. Total of 306 University students were approached trough purposive convenient sampling with the age range of 17-36 years with mean of 22.72 and standard deviation of 3.02. The scales used in the study were, Interpersonal Dependency Scale (Nadeem et al., 2018), Self-Disclosure Scale (Hoyt et al., 2010) and the indigenous scale that is, the scale of psycho social reactions of unrequited love in university students. Pearson Product Moment Correlation showed a direct relationship among Interpersonal dependency, Self-Disclosure and Psychosocial reactions of Unrequited Love among University students. The mediation analysis shows that negative self-disclosure is partial significant indicator of the interpersonal dependency and psychosocial reactions of unrequited love.
Interpersonal dependency; self-disclosure; psychosocial reactions of unrequited love; university students.
Examining Resilience and Aggression in Adolescence and Early Adulthood
This study aimed to analyze the difference in the levels of resilience and aggression between two developmental stages: adolescence and early adulthood, using comparative study design. Total 400 participants (Male n = 200 Female n = 200 Mage = 21.02; SD = 6.77 ) were approached through purposive convenient sampling. Participant's demographic information was gathered through Respondent Information Form, while resilience and aggression were measured using The Brief Resilience Scale, and Short Form of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, respectively. Analyses through independent samples t-test indicated a statistically significant difference in the level of both, resilience and aggression between adolescence and early adulthood. These findings would help in developing resilience enhancement and anger management programs for different age groups.
Resilience, aggression, adolescence, early adulthood, developmental stages
Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire: Revised
The present study was aimed to revise an indigenous multidimensional Abuse and Neglect Questionnaire (2018) for the screening of past history of abuse and neglect in adults in Pakistan. It was a multistage research project that was executed in three stages. Initial stage was aimed towards item identification from first version of questionnaire that were collated during factor analysis and re-operationalization of the constructs of abuse and neglect and description and explanation of its types. Intermediary stage involved evaluation of the questionnaire by mental health professionals after which experts' opinions were collated and final questionnaire was devised. Final stage included pilot study on 10 participants which was followed by main study during which data was collected from 500 participants (Mage 30. 82; SD = 8.8 ) Demographic Questionnaire and Symptom Checklist Revised (Rahman et al., 2009) were employed during study. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of 51 items with Varimax rotation yielded 5 factors and the scree plot also showed the emergence of 5 distinct factors which were extracted and labelled as per thematic analysis i.e. Emotional Abuse, Sexual Abuse, Physical Abuse, Emotional Neglect, and Physical Neglect. Well established Psychometric properties of the measure emerged such as the test retest reliability (intra class correlation coefficient) for all subscales comes out to be 96, 95, 91, 74, and .89 respectively; Internal Consistency Reliability (.94, 93, 81, 78, and 56 respectively) and average inter item correlation (.45, 50, 35, 32, and 22 respectively). In addition, the construct and face validity of the respective questionnaire were also established. The development and validation of this questionnaire has manifold implications as it can be employed in the future researches, in clinical settings and can be helpful in devising cultural sensitive indigenous interventions.
Abuse and neglect questionnaire, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect, and physical neglect